Herbs for Insomnia

Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata and related species) is a climbing vine that can grow up to about 30 ft (9 m). It features ornate, complex flowers—often white, purple, or blue—and lobed leaves. Traditionally recognized for its mild sedative and tranquilizing effects, passionflower helps ease anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia. Some species (e.g., P. quadrangularis) contain serotonin-like compounds, which may contribute to the herb’s calming properties.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is an upright, clump-forming perennial reaching about 4 ft (1.2 m), with divided, pinnate leaves and pinkish-white clusters of small flowers. Known for its pungent (often unpleasant) smell, valerian is one of the most popular sedative and relaxant herbs in Western herbal medicine, helping to calm sympathetic overactivity, ease anxiety, and aid restful sleep.

Lavender (Lavandula officinalis, also known as L. angustifolia) is a small, perennial shrub that can grow about 3 ft (1 m) high, characterized by its narrow, silver-green leaves and spiked violet-blue flowers. Renowned for its sweet, calming aroma, lavender is a mildly warming, relaxing nervine, helpful in alleviating stress, tension, depression, and headaches. Its essential oil has antifungal properties and is commonly used for burns and other skin inflammations.

Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) is a perennial, up to about 2 ft (60 cm), with branching stems, lanceolate leaves, and small pink to blue flowers. As a relaxing nervine, skullcap soothes anxiety, stress, and insomnia. The fresh plant, tinctured, is thought to have a gentler tonic action; dried skullcap can be more sedative.

Hops (Humulus lupulus) are the female flower clusters (“strobiles”) of a tall, climbing perennial vine that can reach up to about 23 ft (7 m). Known primarily for its bitter flavor in beer, hops also possess sedative, antispasmodic, and digestive-stimulating properties, making them valuable for tension, insomnia, and mild digestive woes.

Catnip is a downy, aromatic perennial growing to 3 feet with heart-shaped, gray-green leaves and whorls of white flowers marked with purple spots. Native to Europe and naturalized in North America, it grows in dry wayside places and mountainous regions up to altitudes of 5,000 feet. The plant is gathered when in flower during summer and autumn. Its name comes from the Norse word 'dylla,' meaning 'to soothe,' reflecting its calming properties. Catnip has an excitatory effect on cats but a sedative effect on humans.

Linden comprises deciduous trees growing to a height of 100 feet with smooth gray bark, heart-shaped leaves, and clusters of pale yellow flowers with winglike bracts. Native to Europe, it is found in the wild but is also much planted in gardens and along roads. The flowers are collected in summer. Greek myth recounts how the nymph Philyra, devastated after being raped by the god Cronus in the guise of a horse and giving birth to the centaur Chiron, begged the gods not to leave her amongst mortals. The gods granted her wish by transforming her into a linden tree, forever linking this graceful species with transformation and divine mercy.

Sweet violet is a creeping perennial growing to 6 inches tall with toothed oval leaves and attractive violet-blue or white flowers with a five-petaled corolla. Native to much of Europe and Asia, it is a common wayside plant also found along roadsides and in woodlands. In classical mythology, sweet violet was associated with death, but classical physicians recognized it as an effective emetic and cough remedy. The 17th-century herbalist Nicholas Culpeper noted that violets are cooling and moistening when fresh and green.