Basil

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), sometimes called “Indian ginseng,” is a sturdy shrub growing to about 5 ft (1.5 m) with oval leaves, greenish or yellow flowers, and small, round fruits. A key herb in Ayurvedic medicine, it is valued for boosting vitality and aiding convalescence from chronic illnesses. It promotes relaxation, increases energy and muscle tone, and can support healthy thyroid hormone conversion from T4 to T3. Traditionally, ashwagandha is considered a “Rasáyana” (rejuvenator), used long-term to rebuild and regenerate body and mind.

Bacopa, also known as Water Hyssop or Brahmi, is a creeping succulent perennial that can grow to about 20 inches. It features spatula-shaped fleshy leaves and pale blue or white flowers on slender stalks. Thriving in marshlands and along the edges of mangrove swamps in warmer temperate and tropical climates—especially southern Asia—it develops into dense mats on mudflats. This herb has been a cornerstone of Ayurvedic medicine for supporting cognitive function and treating various nervous system disorders, and it is increasingly recognized in Western herbalism for its brain-enhancing properties.

Codonopsis is a small twining perennial growing to 5 feet with oval leaves and pendulous green and purple bell-shaped flowers marked with purple in summer. Native to northeastern China and growing throughout the region—especially in the Shanxi and Szechuan provinces—it is propagated from seed in spring or autumn, and the root is harvested in autumn once the aerial parts have died down. In Chinese herbal medicine, codonopsis holds a central place as a gentle tonic that increases energy levels, improves physical and mental well-being, and helps the body adapt to stress.

Asian or Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a perennial reaching about 3 ft (1 m) in height, with toothed oval leaves and a cluster of small green-yellow flowers. Its root is legendary for its adaptogenic qualities, boosting energy and physical stamina, slowing aspects of aging, and fortifying the body against stress. Ginseng is considered more warming (especially red ginseng, which is steamed before drying) and thus suited for older, easily fatigued individuals who feel cold.

Kava (Piper methysticum) is a tropical shrub or evergreen vine, traditionally revered across the Pacific Islands for its calming, muscle-relaxing, and mildly euphoric effects. Its thick, knotty rootstock is used ceremonially and medicinally to ease anxiety, insomnia, and pain while preserving mental clarity.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is a tall, woody-stemmed perennial reaching about 6½ ft (2 m), with dark green leaves and cream-to-mauve pea-like flowers. Its root, sweetened by glycyrrhizic acid (up to 50 times sweeter than sugar), has a powerful anti-inflammatory action, offering relief in respiratory, digestive, and even arthritic conditions. Licorice is widely used in Chinese, European, and Western herbal medicine.

Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis), also known as wu wei zi (“5-flavored herb”), is a woody vine that can grow up to 26 ft (8 m). It has pink blossoms and clusters of bright red berries containing powerful adaptogenic, antioxidant, and liver-protective constituents.

Shatavari is a slender perennial fern that can grow up to 23 feet in height, featuring fronds of needle-like leaves, tiny white flowers, and purple-black berries. Known as the 'Queen of herbs' in Ayurvedic medicine, its name literally means '100 spouses,' reflecting its reputation as a sexual tonic and fertility promoter. The root is the medicinal part used. Native to the Himalayas and Indian subcontinent, it grows wild in gravelly soils up to 3,900 feet above sea level and is also found in western China.